鋼結(jié)構(gòu)是現(xiàn)代建筑工程中較普通的結(jié)構(gòu)形式之一。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程安裝技術(shù)在我國的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛，而且鋼結(jié)構(gòu)具備的諸多優(yōu)越性也被重視，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程的應(yīng)用也因此增加。本文通過分析鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程的安裝技術(shù)要求，從而加強(qiáng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程的技術(shù)應(yīng)用和管理，確保整個(gè)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程的安全可靠。
單層門式剛架安裝
單跨結(jié)構(gòu)宜從跨端一側(cè)向另一側(cè)、中間向兩端或兩端向中間的順序進(jìn)行吊裝。多跨結(jié)構(gòu)，宜先吊主跨、后吊副跨；當(dāng)有多臺起重機(jī)共同作業(yè)時(shí)，也可多跨同時(shí)吊裝。單層門式剛架鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，宜按立柱、連系梁、柱間支撐、吊車梁、屋架、檁條、屋面支撐、屋面板的順序進(jìn)行安裝。
門式剛架結(jié)構(gòu)安裝過程中，需及時(shí)安裝臨時(shí)柱間支撐或穩(wěn)定纜風(fēng)繩，在形成空間結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定體系后方可擴(kuò)展安裝。空間結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定體系應(yīng)能承受結(jié)構(gòu)自重、風(fēng)荷載、雪荷載、地震作用、安裝荷載以及吊裝過程中的沖擊荷載的作用。
多層、高層鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程安裝
(一)多層、高層鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程安裝宜劃分成多個(gè)流水作業(yè)段安裝，流水段宜以每節(jié)框架為單位。流水段劃分應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：
1)流水段內(nèi)的比較重構(gòu)件應(yīng)在吊裝機(jī)械的起重能力范圍內(nèi)；
2)起重設(shè)備的爬升高度應(yīng)滿足下節(jié)流水段內(nèi)構(gòu)件的起吊高度；
3)每節(jié)流水段內(nèi)的柱長度應(yīng)根據(jù)工廠加工、運(yùn)輸堆放、現(xiàn)場吊裝等因素確定，長度宜取2到3個(gè)樓層高度，分節(jié)位置宜在梁層標(biāo)高以上1.0到1.3m處；
4)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)流水段的劃分應(yīng)與混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)安裝相適應(yīng)；
5)每節(jié)流水段可根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)場條件在平面上劃分流水區(qū)進(jìn)行安裝。
(二)流水作業(yè)段內(nèi)的構(gòu)件吊裝宜符合下列規(guī)定：
1)吊裝可采用整個(gè)流水段內(nèi)先柱后梁，或局部先柱后梁的順序；單柱不得長時(shí)間處于懸臂狀態(tài)；
2)鋼樓板及壓型金屬板安裝應(yīng)與構(gòu)件吊裝進(jìn)度同步；
3)特殊流水段內(nèi)的吊裝順序應(yīng)按安裝工藝確定，并應(yīng)符合設(shè)計(jì)文件的要求。
(三)多層及高層鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安裝校正應(yīng)依據(jù)基準(zhǔn)柱進(jìn)行，并應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：
1)基準(zhǔn)柱應(yīng)能夠控制建筑物的平面尺寸并便于其他柱的校正，宜選擇角柱為基準(zhǔn)柱；
2)鋼柱校正宜采用合適的測量儀器和校正工具；
3)基準(zhǔn)柱應(yīng)校正完畢后，再對其他柱進(jìn)行校正。
(四)多層及髙層鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安裝時(shí)，樓層標(biāo)高可采用相對標(biāo)高或設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)髙進(jìn)行控制，并應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：
1)當(dāng)采用設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高控制時(shí)，應(yīng)以每節(jié)柱為單位進(jìn)行柱標(biāo)高調(diào)整，并應(yīng)使每節(jié)柱的標(biāo)高符合設(shè)計(jì)的要求；
2)建筑物總高度的允許偏差和同一層內(nèi)各節(jié)柱的柱頂高度差，應(yīng)符合現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程安裝質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》GB50205的有關(guān)規(guī)定。
同水作業(yè)段、同一安裝高度的一節(jié)柱，當(dāng)各柱的全部構(gòu)件安裝、校正、連接完畢并驗(yàn)收合格后，應(yīng)在從地面引放上一節(jié)柱的定位軸線。高層鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安裝時(shí)應(yīng)分析豎向壓縮變形對結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，并應(yīng)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和影響程度來取預(yù)調(diào)安裝標(biāo)高、設(shè)置后連接構(gòu)件等相應(yīng)措施。
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Steel structure is one of the common structural forms in modern construction engineering. The installation technology of steel structure engineering is more and more widely used in our country, and many advantages of steel structure are also valued, so the application of steel structure engineering is increasing. This paper analyzes the installation technical requirements of steel structure engineering, so as to strengthen the technical application and management of steel structure engineering and ensure the safety and reliability of the whole steel structure engineering.
Installation of single-layer portal frame
The single span structure should be lifted from one side to the other, from the middle to both ends or from both ends to the middle. For multi span structures, the main span should be hoisted first and then the auxiliary span; when there are multiple cranes working together, the multi span can also be hoisted at the same time. The single-layer portal rigid frame steel structure should be installed in the order of column, tie beam, column support, crane beam, roof truss, purlin, roof support and roof panel.
During the installation of portal rigid frame structure, it is necessary to install temporary inter column support or stable cable wind rope in time, and the installation can be expanded only after forming a stable system of spatial structure. The stability system of spatial structure shall be able to bear the self weight of structure, wind load, snow load, earthquake action, installation load and impact load during hoisting.
Installation of Multistory and high-rise steel structure engineering
（1） The installation of multi-layer and high-rise steel structure engineering should be divided into multiple flow operation sections, and the flow section should be based on each frame. The division of flow section shall meet the following requirements:
1) The most reconstructed parts in the flow section shall be within the lifting capacity of the hoisting machinery;
2) The climbing height of the lifting equipment shall meet the lifting height of the internal components of the next flow section;
3) The length of the column in each flow section shall be determined according to factors such as factory processing, transportation and stacking, site hoisting, etc. the length should be 2 to 3 floors high, and the section position should be 1.0 to 1.3m above the beam level;
4) The division of steel structure flow section should be suitable for the installation of concrete structure;
5) Each flow section can be installed by dividing the flow area on the plane according to the structural characteristics and site conditions.
（2） The hoisting of components in the flow operation section should meet the following requirements:
1) The hoisting can be carried out in the sequence of first column and then beam in the whole flow section or first column and then beam in some parts; single column shall not be in cantilever state for a long time;
2) The installation of steel floor and profiled metal plate shall be synchronized with the progress of component hoisting;
3) The hoisting sequence in the special flow section shall be determined according to the installation process and shall meet the requirements of the design documents.
（3） The installation and calibration of multi-layer and high-rise steel structures shall be carried out according to the reference column, and shall meet the following requirements:
1) the datum column shall be able to control the plane dimension of the building and facilitate the correction of other columns, and the corner column shall be selected as the datum column;
2) appropriate measuring instruments and calibration tools should be used for steel column calibration;
3) The reference column shall be calibrated before other columns are calibrated.
(IV) during the installation of multi-layer and high-rise steel structures, the floor elevation can be controlled by relative elevation or design elevation, and shall meet the following requirements:
1) when the design elevation control is adopted, the column elevation shall be adjusted based on each section of column, and the elevation of each section of column shall meet the design requirements;
2) the allowable deviation of the total height of the building and the height difference of the top of each column in the same floor shall comply with the relevant provisions of the current national standard code for acceptance of installation quality of steel structure engineering (gb50205).
For a section of column with the same flow operation section and the same installation height, when all components of each column are installed, calibrated, connected and accepted, the positioning axis of a section of column shall be placed from the ground. During the installation of high-rise steel structure, the influence of vertical compression deformation on the structure shall be analyzed, and the corresponding measures such as adjusting the installation elevation and setting the post connecting members shall be taken according to the structural characteristics and influence degree.
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